What Does the Bible Say About Fasting?

Quick Answer

Fasting, according to the Bible, is the voluntary abstaining from food (and sometimes drink) for a spiritual purpose. Jesus assumed his followers would fast, saying “when you fast” not “if you fast” (Matthew 6:16). Biblical fasting is meant to humble oneself before God, express repentance, seek God’s will, and draw closer to Him through focused prayer and devotion. While not commanded, fasting is commended as a valuable spiritual discipline when done with the right motives.

Fasting has been a significant spiritual practice throughout biblical history and continues to be relevant for Christians today. This ancient discipline, when understood and practiced correctly, can deepen one’s relationship with God, strengthen faith, and provide spiritual clarity. In this comprehensive exploration of fasting, we’ll examine its biblical foundations, purposes, Jesus’ teachings on the subject, principles for proper practice, warnings to heed, and practical considerations for those wishing to incorporate fasting into their spiritual lives.

Definition of Biblical Fasting

Fasting in Scripture refers to voluntarily abstaining from food (and sometimes drink) for a spiritual purpose. It is typically done in conjunction with prayer and seeking God. Some key aspects of biblical fasting include:

It is voluntary, not commanded
It involves abstaining from food and sometimes drink
It is for a set period of time
It has a spiritual purpose (not merely for health/diet reasons)
It is often paired with prayer
It expresses humility, repentance, and earnest seeking of God

Types of Fasts in the Bible

Normal fast

Abstaining from all food but not water. Example: Jesus’ 40-day fast (Matthew 4:2, Luke 4:2).

Partial fast

Limiting certain foods/drinks. Example: Daniel’s vegetable and water fast (Daniel 1:12) and Daniel’s abstention from choice foods (Daniel 10:3).

Absolute fast

Abstaining from both food and water. Example: Esther’s 3-day fast (Esther 4:16) and Paul’s 3-day fast after his Damascus road experience (Acts 9:9).

Corporate fast

Community or national fasting. Example: Nineveh’s fast at Jonah’s warning (Jonah 3:5-7) and Israel’s fast led by Samuel (1 Samuel 7:6).

Regular fast

Set fasting practices. Example: Anna’s regular fasting at the temple (Luke 2:37) and the Pharisee’s twice-weekly fast (Luke 18:12).

Occasional fast

As needed for specific purposes. Example: David fasting for his sick child (2 Samuel 12:16) and Nehemiah fasting in response to Jerusalem’s condition (Nehemiah 1:4).

Biblical Examples of Fasting

Moses fasted 40 days on Mount Sinai (Exodus 34:28)
David fasted when his child was ill (2 Samuel 12:16-23)
Elijah fasted for 40 days (1 Kings 19:8)
Esther called for a 3 day fast (Esther 4:16)
Daniel engaged in partial fasts (Daniel 1:8-16, 10:3)
Jesus fasted 40 days in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2)
The early church fasted when commissioning leaders (Acts 13:2-3, 14:23)

Purposes of Fasting in Scripture

To humble oneself before God (Psalm 35:13, Ezra 8:21)
- Fasting reminds us of our dependence on God and helps cultivate humility
- It’s a physical act that represents spiritual submission to God’s will
To repent and seek forgiveness of sin (1 Samuel 7:6, Jonah 3:5-9)
- Fasting often accompanies confession and repentance in Scripture
- It demonstrates the seriousness of one’s desire for forgiveness and change
To petition God for help/deliverance (2 Chronicles 20:3-4, Ezra 8:21-23)
- Fasting can intensify our prayers during times of great need or danger
- It shows our reliance on God’s intervention rather than our own efforts
To seek God’s guidance and will (Acts 13:2-3, 14:23)
- Fasting can help clear our minds to better discern God’s voice and direction
- It’s often used when making important decisions or seeking clarity
To prepare for spiritual battle/temptation (Matthew 4:1-11)
- Fasting can strengthen our spiritual resolve and resistance to temptation
- It helps us focus on God’s power rather than our own weaknesses
To express grief and sorrow (2 Samuel 1:12, Nehemiah 1:4)
- Fasting is a way to physically express deep emotional and spiritual pain
- It can be part of the mourning process, showing reverence for loss
To draw closer to God through focused devotion (Luke 2:37)
- Fasting removes distractions and creates space for deeper communion with God
- It can heighten spiritual sensitivity and awareness of God’s presence
To overcome sinful desires and strengthen self-discipline (1 Corinthians 9:27)
- Fasting helps develop self-control and mastery over physical appetites
- This discipline can extend to other areas of life, promoting overall spiritual growth

See more: Bible Verses about Fasting

Jesus’ Teaching on Fasting

Jesus assumed his followers would fast (Matthew 6:16-18, 9:15)
- He spoke of fasting as an expected practice, not as something optional
- This implies fasting should be a normal part of Christian spiritual life
He warned against fasting to be seen by others (Matthew 6:16-18)
- Jesus criticized the hypocritical fasting of the Pharisees done for show
- He emphasized the importance of sincerity and right motives in fasting
He taught fasting should be done privately as unto God (Matthew 6:17-18)
- Jesus instructed his followers to fast in secret, known only to God
- This ensures fasting remains a personal act of devotion, not public performance
He indicated fasting would be appropriate after his departure (Matthew 9:15)
- Jesus linked fasting to mourning his absence, suggesting it as a way to express longing for his return
- This teaches that fasting can be an expression of our desire for Christ’s presence
He fasted himself for 40 days before beginning his ministry (Matthew 4:2)
- Jesus set an example of fasting as preparation for significant spiritual work
- This shows the potential power of fasting in equipping us for God’s service

Principles for Proper Fasting

Have the right motives (Matthew 6:16-18)
- Seek God sincerely, not to impress others
- Focus on connecting with God rather than appearing spiritual
Humble yourself and repent (Joel 2:12-13)
- Use fasting for self-examination and repentance
- Approach God with a contrite heart
Combine with other spiritual disciplines (Luke 2:37, Acts 13:2-3)
- Accompany fasting with prayer and Bible study
- Use meal times for spiritual activities
Maintain normal appearance and activities (Matthew 6:17-18)
- Don’t draw attention to your fast
- Continue fulfilling responsibilities
Be led by the Holy Spirit (Acts 13:2)
- Seek God’s guidance on timing and nature of fasts
- Avoid fasting out of mere habit or obligation
Focus on spiritual growth
- Aim for closeness to God, not just physical abstinence
- Use hunger as a prompt for prayer and reflection
Understand God’s grace
- Fasting doesn’t earn God’s favor or manipulate Him
- It positions you to receive what God wants to give

Cautions and Warnings About Fasting

Avoid manipulative motives (Isaiah 58:3-4)
- Fasting can’t coerce God to act
- Submit to God’s will rather than trying to control it
Guard against ritualism (Isaiah 58:5-7)
- Ensure fasting leads to genuine heart change and obedience
- Remember God values mercy and justice over outward piety
Beware of spiritual pride (Luke 18:9-14)
- Don’t feel superior because of your fasting practices
- Fasting is about humility, not spiritual achievement
Protect your health
- Avoid extreme fasting that could cause physical harm
- Consult a doctor if you have health concerns
Respect others’ practices
- Don’t judge those who fast differently or not at all
- Remember fasting is personal, not a measure of spirituality

Practical Considerations

Start with shorter fasts (one meal, one day) before attempting longer fasts
- Build up your fasting “muscles” gradually to avoid discouragement
- Learn how your body responds to fasting before trying extended periods
Stay hydrated and rest as needed, especially during longer fasts
- Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration
- Allow for extra rest as your body adjusts to the absence of food
Break extended fasts gradually with light foods
- Reintroduce food slowly to avoid digestive discomfort
- Start with easily digestible foods like fruits or vegetables
Those with health conditions should consult a doctor before fasting
- Certain medical conditions may make fasting unsafe
- Pregnant women, children, and the elderly should be especially cautious
Fasting can include abstaining from things besides food (e.g. media, hobbies)
- Consider fasting from activities or habits that distract you from God
- Use the time and energy usually spent on these things for spiritual pursuits

Conclusion

While not commanded for Christians, fasting remains a valuable spiritual discipline when practiced with the right motives and attitude. It allows believers to humble themselves, focus on God, and strengthen their relationship with Him. When combined with prayer and devotion to God’s Word, fasting can be a powerful tool for spiritual growth and seeking God’s will.

References

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